Vitamin A is essential for cell differentiation and growth because it participates in the transcription of a number of genes, as well as in the synthesis of certain proteins. It also plays a role in the regulation of inflammatory responses.*
Disclaimer
This information is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with your physician before starting any nutritional supplement program.
VITAMIN A
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Immune*
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Skin*
- Wang A, Han J, Jiang Y, Zhang D. Association of vitamin A and B-carotene with risk for age-related cataract: a meta-analysis. Nutrition. 2014;30(10):1113-21.
- Hall JA, Grainger JR, Spencer SP, Belkaid Y. The role of retinoic acid in tolerance and immunity. Immunity. 2011;35(1):13-22.
- Hunt TK. Vitamin A and wound healing. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 Oct 1;15(4):817-21.
VITAMIN C
Vitamin C participates in hundreds of processes in the body. Its main functions are to help maintain immune function and help the body to make collagen, a protein essential to the formation of the skin, ligaments and bones.*
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Immune*
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Skin*
- Martin NG, Carr AB, Oakeshott JG, Clark P. Co-twin control studies: vitamin C and the common cold. Prog Clin Biol Res 1982;103:365-73.
- Pitt HA, Costrini AM. Vitamin C prophylaxis in marine recruits. JAMA 1979;241:908-11.
- Anderson TW. Vitamin C and the common cold. J Med Soc N J 1979;76:765-6.
- Hemila H. Vitamin C and common cold incidence: a review of studies with subjects under heavy physical stress. Int J Sports Med 1996;17:379-83.
- Moreira, A., Kekkonen, R. A., Delgado, L., Fonseca, J., Korpela, R., and Haahtela, T. Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur.J Clin.Nutr 2007;61(4):443-460.
VITAMIN D
Vitamin D plays an important role in bone mineralization because it facilitates the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus. In addition, vitamin D receptors have been identified in all tissues, including the immune system, brain, and heart.*
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Bones*
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Brain*
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Immune*
- Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007 Jul 19;357(3):266-81.
- Pludowski P, Holick MF, Pilz S et al. Vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal health, immunity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, fertility, pregnancy, dementia and mortality—a review of recent evidence. Autoimmunity reviews. 2013 Aug 31;12(10):976-89.
VITAMIN E
Vitamin E plays an essential role in protecting the membrane of all cells in the body. In addition, it has anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory properties.*
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Brain*
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Heart*
- Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2008 Jan 29;117(4):503-11.
- Gey KF, Puska P, Jordan P, et al. Inverse correlation between plasma vitamin E and mortality from ischemic heart disease in cross-cultural epidemiology. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 1991 Jan 1;53(1):326S-34S.
- Wu D, Meydani SN. Age-associated changes in immune and inflammatory responses: impact of vitamin E intervention. Journal of leukocyte biology. 2008 Oct 1;84(4):900-14.
VITAMIN K
Vitamin K promotes the synthesis of blood coagulation factors, the fixation of calcium by bones, and the flexibility of the arteries.*
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Bones*
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Heart*
- Crowther MA, Julian J, McCarty D et al. Treatment of warfarin-associated coagulopathy with oral vitamin K: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2000 Nov 4;356(9241):1551-3.
- Shea MK, Holden RM. Vitamin K status and vascular calcification: evidence from observational and clinical studies. Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal. 2012 Mar 1;3(2):158-65.
VITAMIN B1
Vitamin B1 or Thiamine plays a crucial role in the conversion of carbohydrates into energy, as well as in the transmission of nerve impulses. Because the body can store only a low supply of thiamine, depletion can occur rapidly.*
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Brain*
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Energy*
- Gibson GE, Blass JP. Thiamine-dependent processes and treatment strategies in neurodegeneration. Antioxidants & redox signaling. 2007 Oct 1;9(10):1605-20.
- Lonsdale D. A review of the biochemistry, metabolism and clinical benefits of thiamine and its derivatives. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2006;3(1):49-59.
VITAMIN B2
Vitamin B2 or Riboflavin is essential to the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. It is vital for the integrity of the mucous membranes, as well as the oxygenation of the cornea.*
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Energy*
- Randleman JB, Khandelwal SS, Hafezi F. Corneal cross-linking. Survey of ophthalmology. 2015 Dec 31;60(6):509-23.
- Eckle SB, Corbett AJ, Keller AN, Chen Z, Godfrey DI, Liu L, Mak JY, Fairlie DP, Rossjohn J, McCluskey J. Recognition of vitamin B precursors and byproducts by mucosal associated invariant T cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2015 Dec 18;290(51):30204-11.
VITAMIN B3
Vitamin B3 or Niacin participates in the metabolism of glucids, lipids and proteins. It is essential to the formation of red blood cells, the transport of oxygen to the cells, and the synthesis of sex hormones. It lowers the concentration of cholesterol in the blood.*
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Energy*
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Heart*
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Skin*
- Guyton JR. Niacin in cardiovascular prevention: mechanisms, efficacy, and safety. Current opinion in lipidology. 2007 Aug 1;18(4):415-20.
- Bissett DL, Oblong JE, Berge CA. Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatologic surgery. 2005 Jul 1;31(s1):860-6.
VITAMIN B5
Vitamin B5 or Pantothenic acid is critical to the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates. In particular, pantethin, which is a metabolite of pantothenic acid, has been shown to reduce blood lipids. Several trials have demonstrated the efficacy of Vitamin B5 supplementation to accelerate wound healing.*
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Energy*
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Heart*
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Skin*
- Weimann H. Studies on wound healing: effects of calcium D-pantothenate on the migration, proliferation and protein synthesis of human dermal fibroblasts in culture. International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. 1999 Mar 1;69(2):113-9.
- Bertolini S, Donati C, et al. Lipoprotein changes induced by pantethine in hyperlipoproteinemic patients: adults and children. International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology. 1986 Nov;24(11):630-7.
VITAMIN B6
Vitamin B6 intervenes in many processes related to the metabolism of amino acids and proteins. It is required for the synthesis of certain antibodies and hemoglobin. Moreover, it is vital in the production of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, melatonin, and dopamine, which influence mood.*
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Brain*
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Heart*
- Dakshinamurti S, Dakshinamurti K. Antihypertensive and neuroprotective actions of pyridoxine and its derivatives. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology. 2015 May 11;93(12):1083-90.
- Kelly PJ, Shih VE, et al. Low vitamin B6 but not homocysteine is associated with increased risk of stroke and transient ischemic attack in the era of folic acid grain fortification. Stroke. 2003 Jun 1;34(6):e51-4.
VITAMIN B9
Vitamin B9 or Folate plays an essential role in the production of genetic material (DNA, RNA). It is required for the formation of red blood cells and the functioning of the nervous system. It contributes to controlling homocysteine levels, which are associated with heart disease.*
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Brain*
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Energy*
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Heart*
- Bazzano LA, He J, et al. Dietary intake of folate and risk of stroke in US men and women. Stroke. 2002 May 1;33(5):1183-9.
- Ramos MI, Allen LH, et al. Low folate status is associated with impaired cognitive function and dementia in the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2005 Dec 1;82(6):1346-52.
VITAMIN B12
Vitamin B12 is necessary for the proper functioning of all body cells and the regulation of the nervous system. More precisely, it is involved in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and myelin, as well as in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.*
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Brain*
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Energy*
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Hair*
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Heart*
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Memory*
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Nails*
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Skin*
- Spence JD. Metabolic vitamin B12 deficiency: a missed opportunity to prevent dementia and stroke. Nutrition Research. 2016 Feb 29;36(2):109-16.
- Wang HX, Wahlin Å, et al. Vitamin B12 and folate in relation to the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 2001 May 8;56(9):1188-94.
- Brescoll J, Daveluy S. A review of vitamin B12 in dermatology. American journal of clinical dermatology. 2015 Feb 1;16(1):27-33.
CHOLINE
Choline is the precursor molecule of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is involved in many functions, including memory and muscle control. Choline is used in the synthesis of cell membranes.*
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Brain*
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Heart*
- Olthof MR, Brink EJ, et al. Choline supplemented as phosphatidylcholine decreases fasting and postmethionine-loading plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy men. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2005 Jul 1;82(1):111-7.
- Cohen BM, Lipinski JF, Altesman RI. Lecithin in the treatment of mania: double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry. 1982 Sep;139(9):1162-4.
- Tabassum S, Haider S, Ahmad S, Madiha S, Parveen T. Chronic choline supplementation improves cognitive and motor performance via modulating oxidative and neurochemical status in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2017 Jun 19.
CALCIUM
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. Nearly 99% is concentrated in the bones and teeth. What remains, however, plays a role in the proper functioning of other body systems.*
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Bones*
- Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, et al. A controlled trial of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women. New England Journal of Medicine. 1990 Sep 27;323(13):878-83.
- Heaney RP. Calcium, dairy products and osteoporosis. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 Apr 1;19(sup2):83S-99S.
MAGNESIUM
Magnesium contributes to nerve signal transmission and muscle relaxation, which are vital for cardiac function. Moreover, it plays an important role in lipid metabolism and maintenance of bone density.*
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Bones*
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Heart*
- Gums JG. Magnesium in cardiovascular and other disorders. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2004 Aug 1;61(15).
- Shechter M, Merz CN, et al. Effects of oral magnesium therapy on exercise tolerance, exercise-induced chest pain, and quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease. The American journal of cardiology. 2003 Mar 1;91(5):517-21.
- Ryder KM, Shorr RI, et al. Magnesium intake from food and supplements is associated with bone mineral density in healthy older white subjects. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2005 Nov 1;53(11):1875-80.
ZINC
Zinc is necessary to numerous vital enzymatic processes in the organism, as well as the synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins. It plays an important role in immune processes and healing of wounds.*
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Immune*
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Skin*
- Girodon F, Galan P, et al. Impact of trace elements and vitamin supplementation on immunity and infections in institutionalized elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1999 Apr 12;159(7):748-54.
- Hulisz D. Efficacy of zinc against common cold viruses: an overview. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2004 Oct 31;44(5):594-603.
- Brandt S. The clinical effects of zinc as a topical or oral agent on the clinical response and pathophysiologic mechanisms of acne: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD. 2013 May;12(5):542-5.
SELENIUM
Selenium is needed by the body to produce an enzyme that protects cell membranes from oxidation caused by free radicals. Selenium also plays an essential role in the functioning of the immune system and the thyroid gland.*
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Heart*
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Immune*
- Tanguy S, Grauzam S, et al. Impact of dietary selenium intake on cardiac health: experimental approaches and human studies. Molecular nutrition & food research. 2012 Jul 1;56(7):1106-21.
- Steinbrenner H, Al-Quraishy S, Dkhil MA, Wunderlich F, Sies H. Dietary selenium in adjuvant therapy of viral and bacterial infections. Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal. 2015 Jan 1;6(1):73-82.
MANGANESE
Manganese is a cofactor of various enzymes involved in many metabolic processes. In animal models, manganese deficiency leads to bone malformations and alterations in the central nervous system.*
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Brain*
- Horning KJ, Caito SW, Tipps KG, Bowman AB, Aschner M. Manganese is essential for neuronal health. Annual review of nutrition. 2015 Jul 17;35:71-108.
- Rojas MA, Dyer IA, Cassatt WA. Manganese deficiency in the bovine. Journal of animal science. 1965 Aug 1;24(3):664-7.
CHROMIUM
Chromium is an essential trace element for the metabolism of sugar. A deficiency in chromium can affect the potential of insulin to regulate the level of sugar in the body.*
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Bones*
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Heart*
- Anderson RA, Cheng N, et al. Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 1997 Nov 1;46(11):1786-91.
- Hummel M, Standl E, Schnell O. Chromium in metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Hormone and metabolic research. 2007 Oct;39(10):743-51.
- McCarty MF. Anabolic effects of insulin on bone suggest a role for chromium picolinate in preservation of bone density. Medical hypotheses. 1995 Sep 30;45(3):241-6.
HAWTHORN
Over the past 20 years, many animal and human studies have shown that hawthorn extracts improve myocardial performance by promoting blood circulation in coronary arteries and regulating heart rhythms. The World Health Organization acknowledges the usefulness of traditional preparations in promoting cardiovascular functions.*
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Heart*
- Tassell MC, Kingston R, et al. Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Pharmacognosy reviews. 2010 Jan;4(7):32.
- Dalli E, Colomer E, et al. Crataegus laevigata decreases neutrophil elastase and has hypolipidemic effect: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 2011 Jun 15;18(8):769-75.
- World Health Organization. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. World Health Organization; 1999.
BIOTIN
Biotin is a coenzyme that participates in the metabolism of fatty acids, carbohydrates and amino acids, as well as the biosynthesis of vitamins B9 and B12. Symptoms of deficiency include hair loss, rashes, dermatitis and peripheral neuropathy.*
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Brain*
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Hair*
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Nails*
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Skin*
- Said HM. Biotin: The Forgotten Vitamin. American Journal Clinical Nutrition February. 2002;75(2):179-80.
- Shelley WB, Shelley ED. Uncombable hair syndrome: observations on response to biotin and occurrence in siblings with ectodermal dysplasia. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1985 Jul 31;13(1):97-102.
IRON
Iron is necessary for the red blood cells to transport the oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body. It is essential for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary source of metabolic energy. It participates in several additional vital physiological processes, such as the regulation of cell growth and their differentiation.*
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Brain*
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Energy*
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Hair*
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Immune*
- Camaschella C. Iron-deficiency anemia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015 May 7;372(19):1832-43.
- Clark SF. Iron deficiency anemia. Nutrition in clinical practice. 2008 Apr;23(2):128-41.
- Hinton PS, Giordano C, Brownlie T, Haas JD. Iron supplementation improves endurance after training in iron-depleted, nonanemic women. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2000 Mar 1;88(3):1103-11.
COPPER
Copper is part of various proteins and enzymes’ molecules that are essential for iron metabolism. Copper deficiency has been associated with increased risk of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, anemia, and susceptibility to infections.*
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Bones*
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Energy*
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Heart*
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Immune*
- Klevay LM. Cardiovascular disease from copper deficiency—a history. The Journal of nutrition. 2000 Feb 1;130(2):489S-92S.
- Strain JJ. A reassessment of diet and osteoporosis—possible role for copper. Medical hypotheses. 1988 Dec 1;27(4):333-8.
- Conlan D, Korula R, Tallentire D. Serum copper levels in elderly patients with femoral-neck fractures. Age and Ageing. 1990 May 1;19(3):212-4.
COLLAGEN
Collagen represents approximatively 30% of the body’s total proteins. It promotes the cohesion, elasticity and regeneration of the tissues in many body structures: skin, cartilage, tendons, ligaments and connective tissues.*
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Bones*
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Joint*
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Skin*
- Schauss AG, Stenehjem J, et al. Effect of the novel low molecular weight hydrolyzed chicken sternal cartilage extract, BioCell Collagen, on improving osteoarthritis-related symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2012 Apr 16;60(16):4096-101.
- Bruyère O, Zegels B, et al. Effect of collagen hydrolysate in articular pain: A 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Complementary therapies in medicine. 2012 Jun 30;20(3):124-30.
- Varani J, Dame MK, et al. Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin: roles of age-dependent alteration in fibroblast function and defective mechanical stimulation. The American journal of pathology. 2006 Jun 30;168(6):1861-8.
MSM
MSM is a sulfur compound found in very small quantities in plants and animals. Sulfur helps to maintain connective tissues, such as tendons, cartilage, and ligaments, in good condition.*
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Joint*
- Parcell S. Sulfur in human nutrition and applications in medicine. Alternative Medicine Review. 2002 Feb;7(1):22-44.
- Debbi EM, Agar G, Fichman G, Ziv YB, Kardosh R, Halperin N, Elbaz A, Beer Y, Debi R. Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane supplementation on osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled study. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2011 Jun 27;11(1):50.
- Kim LS, Axelrod LJ, Howard P, Buratovich N, Waters RF. Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in osteoarthritis pain of the knee: a pilot clinical trial. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 2006 Mar 31;14(3):286-94.
CORDYCEPS
Cordyceps is a fungus traditionally used in Chinese medicine to treat cough and anemia, and to help convalescents regain their strength. Numerous in vitro and animal studies appear to confirm some of the many traditional uses of cordyceps, which underscore its immune system and energy boosting properties.*
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Energy*
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Immune*
- Won SY, Park EH. Anti-inflammatory and related pharmacological activities of cultured mycelia and fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2005 Jan 15;96(3):555-61.
- Liu Y, Wang J, Wang W, Zhang H, Zhang X, Han C. The chemical constituents and pharmacological actions of Cordyceps sinensis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015 Apr 16;2015.
- Li SP, Zhao KJ. A polysaccharide isolated from Cordyceps sinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine, protects PC12 cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury. Life sciences. 2003 Sep 26;73(19):2503-13.
CARNITINE
Carnitine plays a major role in the transport of long-chain fatty acids inside mitochondria, which is essential to the production of metabolic energy. It is important for brain function, muscle movement, and many other body functions.*
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Brain*
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Energy*
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Memory*
- Spagnoli A, Lucca U, et al. Long‐term acetyl‐L‐carnitine treatment in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1991 Nov 1;41(11):1726-.
- Sergi G, Pizzato S, et al. Effects of acetyl-l-carnitine in diabetic neuropathy and other geriatric disorders. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2017 May 22:1-6.
- Montgomery SA, Thal LJ, Amrein R. Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer’s disease. International clinical psychopharmacology. 2003 Mar 1;18(2):61-71.
- Flanagan JL, Simmons PA, Vehige J, Willcox MD, Garrett Q. Role of carnitine in disease. Nutrition & metabolism. 2010 Apr 16;7(1):30.
SAW PALMETTO
Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) is a plant with berries that has been used for at least two centuries to speed recovery after illness and relieve urogenital symptoms.*
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Hair*
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Prostate*
- Gerber GS, Kuznetsov D, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of saw palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Urology. 2001 Dec 31;58(6):960-3.
- Gerber GS. Saw palmetto for the treatment of men with lower urinary tract symptoms. The Journal of urology. 2000 May 31;163(5):1408-12.
ELDERBERRY
Elderberries are rich in vitamins A, B6, C, minerals and polyphenols. In vitro studies have documented their antiviral properties and several clinical studies have shown that the consumption of elderberry extracts support a healthy immune system.*
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Immune*
- Zakay-Rones Z, Varsano N, et al. Inhibition of several strains of influenza virus in vitro and reduction of symptoms by an elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra L.) during an outbreak of influenza B Panama. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 1995 Dec 1;1(4):361-9.
- Barak V, Halperin T, Kalickman I. The effect of Sambucol, a black elderberry-based, natural product, on the production of human cytokines: I. Inflammatory cytokines. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2001 Jun 8;12(2):290-6.
GARLIC
Garlic has been extensively studied in clinical research. Very strong evidence has emerged supporting its benefit on the immune system and maintaining a healthy heart.*
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Heart*
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Immune*
- Agarwal KC. Therapeutic actions of garlic constituents. Medicinal research reviews. 1996 Jan;16(1):111.
- Steiner M, Khan AH, et al. A double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 1996 Dec 1;64(6):866-70.
- Ankri S, Mirelman D. Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes and infection. 1999 Feb 28;1(2):125-9.
PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE
Phosphatidylserine belongs to the family of phospholipids, which are major compounds of the membranes surrounding the cells. Its concentration is particularly high in the neurons. Several recent studies suggest that phosphatidylserine derived from plant sources supports healthy brain functions.*
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Brain*
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Memory*
- Glade MJ, Smith K. Phosphatidylserine and the human brain. Nutrition. 2015 Jun 30;31(6):781-6.
- Sakai M, Yamatoya H, Kudo S. Pharmacological effects of phosphatidylserine enzymatically synthesized from soybean lecithin on brain functions in rodents. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology. 1996;42(1):47-54.
- Hirayama S, Terasawa K, et al. The effect of phosphatidylserine administration on memory and symptoms of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics. 2014 Apr 1;27(s2):284-91.
GINGER
Ginger contains many active compounds such as gingerol and paradol. Several in vitro and animal studies have highlighted its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory potential. Ginger’s analgesic and anti-nausea properties are backed by very strong clinical research evidence.*
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Joint*
- Butt MS, Sultan MT. Ginger and its health claims: molecular aspects. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2011 Apr 14;51(5):383-93.
- Ozgoli G, Goli M, Moattar F. Comparison of effects of ginger, mefenamic acid, and ibuprofen on pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea. The Journal of alternative and complementary medicine. 2009 Feb 1;15(2):129-32.
- Kundu JK, Na HK, Surh YJ. Ginger-derived phenolic substances with cancer preventive and therapeutic potential. InFood Factors for Health Promotion 2009 (Vol. 61, pp. 182-192). Karger Publishers.
BACOPA
Bacopa is a traditional Indian medicine that has been used for over 1000 years. The results of several clinical studies show the ability of the plant to support cognitive functions, as well as short-term memory in healthy adults and children.*
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Brain*
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Memory*
- Pase MP, Kean J, Sarris J, Neale C, Scholey AB, Stough C. The cognitive-enhancing effects of Bacopa monnieri: a systematic review of randomized, controlled human clinical trials. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2012 Jul 1;18(7):647-52.
- Morgan A, Stevens J. Does Bacopa monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2010 Jul 1;16(7):753-9.
- Downey LA, Kean J, et al. An Acute, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Crossover Study of 320 mg and 640 mg Doses of a Special Extract of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI 08) on Sustained Cognitive Performance. Phytotherapy Research. 2013 Sep 1;27(9):1407-13.
FISH OIL
Fish oil is an excellent source of the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA, which are essential for proper metabolism. EPA plays a vital role in the regulation of blood pressure, and the maintenance of blood vessel elasticity, as well as the development and functioning of the brain. Both EPA and DHA have strong anti-inflammatory properties.*
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Brain*
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Heart*
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Joint*
- Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, Matsuzawa Y, Saito Y, Ishikawa Y, Oikawa S, Sasaki J, Hishida H, Itakura H, Kita T. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. The Lancet. 2007 Apr 6;369(9567):1090-8.
- Mozaffarian D, Wu JH. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011 Nov 8;58(20):2047-67.
- Goldberg RJ, Katz J. A meta-analysis of the analgesic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for inflammatory joint pain. Pain. 2007 May 31;129(1):210-23.
- Freeman MP. Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2009;70:7-11.